Η Τράπεζα
Η Κεντρική Τράπεζα της Κύπρου ιδρύθηκε το 1963, σε σύντομο χρονικό διάστημα μετά την ανακήρυξη της ανεξαρτησίας της Κύπρου, ως αυτόνομο ίδρυμα σύμφωνα με τον περί Κεντρικής Τράπεζας της Κύπρου Νόμο του 1963 και τα σχετικά άρθρα του Συντάγματος της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας. Σήμερα η Τράπεζα διέπεται από τον περί της Κεντρικής Τράπεζας της Κύπρου Νόμο του 2002 όπως τροποποιήθηκε τελευταία το Μάρτιο του 2007. Ο νόμος αυτός εξασφαλίζει την ανεξαρτησία της Κεντρικής Τράπεζας και τη συμβατότητα με τις σχετικές πρόνοιες της Συνθήκης για την ίδρυση της Ευρωπαϊκής Κοινότητας και το Καταστατικό του Ευρωπαϊκού Συστήματος Κεντρικών Τραπεζών και της Ευρωπαϊκής Κεντρικής Τράπεζας. Με την τελευταία τροποποίηση του νόμου το Μάρτιο 2007 άνοιξε ο δρόμος για την ενσωμάτωση της Κεντρικής Τράπεζας της Κύπρου στο Ευρωσύστημα τον Ιανουάριο 2008.
Οι βασικές αρμοδιότητες της Κεντρικής Τράπεζας περιλαμβάνουν:
· την εφαρμογή των αποφάσεων νομισματικής πολιτικής της Ευρωπαϊκής Κεντρικής Τράπεζας.
· την κατοχή, διαφύλαξη και διαχείριση των επίσημων συναλλαγματικών αποθεμάτων.
· την εποπτεία των τραπεζών.
· τη διασφάλιση της σταθερότητας του χρηματοοικονομικού συστήματος
· την προώθηση, ρύθμιση και επίβλεψη της ομαλής λειτουργίας των συστημάτων πληρωμών, εκκαθάρισης ή και διακανονισμού συναλλαγών.
. την προσφορά υπηρεσιών ως τραπεζίτης της κυβέρνησης.
Στα πρώτα χρόνια της λειτουργίας της η Κεντρική Τράπεζα ανέλαβε πλήρως τις αρμοδιότητές της αναφορικά με την προσφορά υπηρεσιών ως τραπεζίτης της κυβέρνησης και τη διαχείριση των επίσημων συναλλαγματικών αποθεμάτων, καθώς και την εφαρμογή της νομοθεσίας περί ελέγχου συναλλάγματος. Παράλληλα, η Κεντρική Τράπεζα ενίσχυσε την εσωτερική της δομή, και άρχισε τη διαμόρφωση του ρυθμιστικού πλαισίου εποπτείας των τραπεζών καθώς και του πλαισίου άσκησης νομισματικής πολιτικής. Κατά το τέλος της δεκαετίας του 1960 και τις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 1970, η νομισματική πολιτική έγινε πιο ενεργητική, και η εποπτεία των τραπεζών τέθηκε σε πιο συστηματική βάση. Σε αυτή την περίοδο εκδόθηκαν και τα πρώτα κυβερνητικά αξιόγραφα, με σκοπό την ενθάρρυνση των εγχώριων αποταμιεύσεων και τη μη πληθωριστική χρηματοδότηση των δημοσιονομικών ελλειμμάτων.
Μετά την οικονομική καταστροφή που προκάλεσε η τουρκική εισβολή το 1974, η Κεντρική Τράπεζα συμμετείχε ενεργά στην προσπάθεια αναζωογόνησης της οικονομίας. Έτσι, η Κεντρική Τράπεζα ακολούθησε επεκτατική νομισματική πολιτική και διευκόλυνε τη χρηματοδότηση των στεγαστικών αναγκών των προσφύγων και της αναπλήρωσης των απολεσθέντων κεφαλαιουχικών αποθεμάτων και υποδομής. Η συμβολή της Κεντρικής Τράπεζας στην ταχεία βελτίωση των οικονομικών συνθηκών που ακολούθησε ήταν καθοριστική. Επίσης κατά την περίοδο μετά την εισβολή, η Κεντρική Τράπεζα ανέλαβε ηγετικό ρόλο στην προσπάθεια για ανάπτυξη της Κύπρου ως περιφερειακού επιχειρηματικού και χρηματοοικονομικού κέντρου. Ειδικότερα, ο τομέας διεθνών επιχειρήσεων παρουσίασε ταχεία πρόοδο και διεύρυνση, συμβάλλοντας σημαντικά στις εισπράξεις συναλλάγματος και στη δημιουργία θέσεων εργασίας στο νησί.
Πριν την ένταξη της Κύπρου στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση, η Κεντρική Τράπεζα ενέτεινε τις προσπάθειες της για ελευθεροποίηση και εκσυγχρονισμό του χρηματοοικονομικού τομέα. Αυτό ήταν επιβεβλημένο τόσο για οικονομικούς λόγους όσο και για σκοπούς εναρμόνισης των οικονομικών δομών και πολιτικών της Κύπρου με την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση.
Το 1996 η Κεντρική Τράπεζα αντικατέστησε τα όργανα άμεσου ελέγχου της ρευστότητας στην οικονομία με μεθόδους που βασίζονται στην αγορά. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, το ελάχιστο ποσοστό ρευστότητας, που ήταν το κύριο όργανο νομισματικής πολιτικής, εγκαταλείφθηκε και η Κεντρική Τράπεζα εισήγαγε τις πράξεις κύριας αναχρηματοδότησης που διενεργούνται μέσω δημοπρασίας ως το κύριο εργαλείο ελέγχου της ρευστότητας. Η Κεντρική Τράπεζα εισήγαγε επίσης τις δημοπρασίες αποδοχής καταθέσεων ως μέσο απορρόφησης πλεονάζουσας ρευστότητας. Στο υφιστάμενο πλαίσιο νομισματικής πολιτικής, ο λογαριασμός ελάχιστων αποθεματικών είναι ο μόνος λειτουργικός λογαριασμός των τραπεζών με την Κεντρική Τράπεζα και υπάρχουν δύο τύποι πάγιων διευκολύνσεων με σκοπό την προσφορά και απορρόφηση ρευστότητας διάρκειας μίας ημέρας. Από την αρχή του 1996 οι τίτλοι του δημοσίου εκδίδονται με τη μέθοδο της δημοπρασίας, η οποία επιτρέπει στα επιτόκια να αντανακλούν τις συνθήκες της αγοράς. Γενικά το λειτουργικό πλαίσιο της νομισματικής πολιτικής είναι ευθυγραμμισμένο με τις πρακτικές της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης.
Σταθμός στην πορεία ελευθεροποίησης του χρηματοοικονομικού τομέα ήταν η κατάργηση του νομικά καθορισμένου ανωτάτου ορίου επιτοκίων την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2001.
Από τη δεκαετία του 1990, η Κεντρική Τράπεζα εφάρμοσε πρόγραμμα σταδιακής απελευθέρωσης της διακίνησης κεφαλαίων. Τον Ιούλιο του 2003 ψηφίστηκε ο περί της Διακίνησης Κεφαλαίων Νόμος, ο οποίος τέθηκε σε ισχύ την 1η Μαΐου 2004, ημερομηνία προσχώρησης της Κύπρου στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση. Ο νόμος αυτός, μεταξύ άλλων, κατάργησε τον περί Ελέγχου Συναλλάγματος Νόμο, ολοκληρώνοντας έτσι την κατάργηση των εναπομείναντων συναλλαγματικών περιορισμών.
Αναφορικά με την εποπτεία των τραπεζών, κύριος στόχος της Κεντρικής Τράπεζας είναι η διασφάλιση της σταθερότητας του τραπεζικού συστήματος, η ελαχιστοποίηση του συστημικού κινδύνου και η προστασία των καταθετών. Οι κανόνες, η πολιτική και η πρακτική της Κεντρικής Τράπεζας είναι ευθυγραμμισμένες με τις οδηγίες της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης και τις συστάσεις της Επιτροπής Τραπεζικής Εποπτείας της Βασιλείας. Ο περί Τραπεζικών Εργασιών Νόμος του 1997 όπως έχει τροποποιηθεί, ο οποίος καθορίζει το νομικό πλαίσιο για τη διεξαγωγή τραπεζικών εργασιών στην Κύπρο, αντικατοπτρίζει τις αρχές και τις διατάξεις των σχετικών οδηγιών της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης. Περαιτέρω, σύμφωνα με τους περί Συγκάλυψης, Έρευνας και Δήμευσης Εσόδων από Ορισμένες Εγκληματικές Πράξεις Νόμους του 1996 έως 2004, η Κεντρική Τράπεζα είναι η εποπτική αρχή για τις τράπεζες σε σχέση με την καταπολέμηση του ξεπλύματος παράνομου χρήματος. Υπό την ιδιότητά της αυτή, η Κεντρική Τράπεζα έχει εκδώσει σειρά οδηγιών προς τις τράπεζες για την εφαρμογή αυστηρών διαδικασιών προσδιορισμού της ταυτότητας πελατών, την τήρηση αρχείου, την αναγνώριση και αναφορά ύποπτων συναλλαγών, το διορισμό και τα καθήκοντα των λειτουργών συμμόρφωσης, και την επιμόρφωση και εκπαίδευση των τραπεζικών υπαλλήλων σε θέματα που αφορούν την καταπολέμηση του ξεπλύματος παράνομου χρήματος.
Στις 2 Μαΐου 2005 η κυπριακή λίρα εντάχθηκε στο Μηχανισμό Συναλλαγματικών Ισοτιμιών ΙΙ (ΜΣΙ ΙΙ) με κεντρική ισοτιμία €1 = £ 0,585274, δηλαδή την ίδια ισοτιμία που είχε υιοθετήσει μονομερώς η Κύπρος έναντι του ευρώ από το 1999. Παρέμειναν τα κανονικά περιθώρια διακύμανσης ±15%, αν και στην πράξη η λίρα διακυμάνθηκε στα στενότερα περιθώρια ±2,25%, τόσο πριν όσο και μετά την είσοδό της στο ΜΣΙ ΙΙ.
Την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2008 η Κύπρος εντάχθηκε στη ζώνη του ευρώ, υλοποιώντας έτσι το στόχο για την ευρωπαϊκή ολοκλήρωση της χώρας. Στις 10 Ιουλίου 2007 το Συμβούλιο των Υπουργών Οικονομικών της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης καθόρισε την τιμή μετατροπής της λίρας σε ευρώ ως €1 = £ 0,585274, που αντιστοιχεί με την κεντρική ισοτιμία της λίρας έναντι του ευρώ στο ΜΣΙ ΙΙ.
Χρηματοοικονομική Σταθερότητα
Ο ρόλος της Τράπεζας
Η διασφάλιση της σταθερότητας του χρηματοοικονομικού συστήματος αποτελεί μια από τις κύριες αρμοδιότητες της Κεντρικής Τράπεζας της Κύπρου, η οποία συνεισφέρει προς την επίτευξη του πιο πάνω στόχου, μεταξύ άλλων, μέσω της άσκησης μικρο-προληπτικής εποπτείας των τραπεζών, μακρο-προληπτικής εποπτείας, επίβλεψης των συστημάτων πληρωμών, εκκαθάρισης και διακανονισμού συναλλαγών και, σε εξαιρετικές περιπτώσεις, ενεργώντας ως ύστατος δανειστής ("lender of last resort") ή μέσω της εξυγίανσης τραπεζών που αντιμετωπίζουν προβλήματα.
Η μακρο-προληπτική εποπτεία εστιάζεται στην παρακολούθηση και αξιολόγηση της σταθερότητας του χρηματοοικονομικού συστήματος ως σύνολο καθώς και στην εφαρμογή εργαλείων μακρο-προληπτικής πολιτικής με σκοπό, γενικά, τον περιορισμό της συσσώρευσης του συστημικού κινδύνου. Συμπληρώνει τη μικρο-προληπτική εποπτεία των μεμονωμένων χρηματοοικονομικών οργανισμών που ασκείται από την Κεντρική Τράπεζα της Κύπρου και τις υπόλοιπες αρμόδιες εποπτικές αρχές του χρηματοοικονομικού συστήματος της χώρας.
Αδειοδότηση & Εποπτεία
Τράπεζες
Η Κεντρική Τράπεζα της Κύπρου είναι η αρμόδια αρχή, δυνάμει του περί της Κεντρικής Τράπεζας της Κύπρου Νόμου, 2002 - 2007 και του περί Τραπεζικών Εργασιών Νόμου, 1997 - 2009, για την εποπτεία των τραπεζικών ιδρυμάτων, η οποία συμπεριλαμβάνει και τη χορήγηση άδειας για άσκηση τραπεζικών εργασιών. Στην άσκηση του εποπτικού της ρόλου, η ΚΤΚ καθοδηγείται από τις συστάσεις της Επιτροπής Τραπεζικής Εποπτείας της Βασιλείας (Basel Committee on Banking Supervision), τις κατευθυντήριες γραμμές της Ευρωπαϊκής Αρχής Τραπεζών μέσα στα πλαίσια της αναμόρφωσης του Ευρωπαϊκού εποπτικού πλαισίου και τους κανόνες της ΕΕ που προωθούν την υιοθέτηση βέλτιστων πρακτικών. Εντός των πιο πάνω πλαισίων, η ΚΤΚ εκδίδει Οδηγίες, Εγκυκλίους και Κατευθυντήριες Γραμμές για σκοπούς προληπτικής εποπτείας, προς όλα τα τραπεζικά ιδρύματα που δραστηριοποιούνται στην Κύπρο. Η εποπτεία της ΚΤΚ ασκείται σε ενοποιημένη βάση και σ' αυτήν υπόκεινται τα τραπεζικά ιδρύματα που έχουν εγκαθιδρυθεί στην Κύπρο μαζί με τις θυγατρικές τους εταιρείες και τα υποκαταστήματά τους που δραστηριοποιούνται τόσο στην Κύπρο όσο και στο εξωτερικό.
The Bank
The Central Bank of Cyprus was established in 1963, shortly after Cyprus gained its independence, as an autonomous institution in accordance with the Central Bank of Cyprus Law 1963 and the relevant articles of the Constitution. Today the Bank is governed by the Central Bank of Cyprus Laws 2002-2007, which ensure the Bank's independence as well as compatibility with the relevant provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Community and the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank. The law's amendment in March 2007 paved the way for the legal integration of the Bank into the Eurosystem in January 2008.
The main functions of the Central Bank include:
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implementing the European Central Bank's monetary policy decisions;
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holding and managing the official international reserves;
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supervising banks;
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safeguarding the stability of the financial system;
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promoting, regulating and overseeing the smooth operation of payment and settlement systems;
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acting as banker for the government.
During the early years of its operation, the Bank undertook fully the functions of banker to the government and the management of international reserves as well as the administration of exchange controls. In parallel, the Bank strengthened its internal structure and prepared the regulatory framework for banking supervision, also setting up the operational framework for the implementation of monetary policy. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, monetary policy became more active, while bank supervision was formalised. During this period government stocks were first issued, with a view to promoting savings and the non-inflationary financing of fiscal deficits.
Following the economic dislocation and disruption caused by the Turkish invasion in 1974, the Central Bank was actively involved in the reactivation of the economy. Thus, the Bank pursued an expansionary monetary policy and facilitated the financing of the housing needs of the refugees and the replenishment of lost capital stock and infrastructure. The role of the Bank was instrumental in the achievement of a rapid improvement in economic conditions that took place subsequently. During the post-invasion period the Bank also assumed a leading role in promoting Cyprus as a regional financial and business centre. Over the years, the international business sector, in particular, has shown a rapid progress and expansion, making a significant contribution to foreign exchange earnings and employment in the island.
Prior to accession to the EU in 2004, the Central Bank began to intensify its efforts towards the liberalisation of the financial sector, which was necessitated both by economic considerations as well as by the need to harmonise Cypriot economic structures and policies with those of the EU.
In 1996 the Central Bank moved away from the use of direct instruments for monitoring liquidity in the economy in favour of market-based tools. Thus, the liquid assets ratio, which was the main instrument of monetary policy, was abandoned. Main refinancing operations allotted through tenders were introduced as the primary tool of liquidity management. Auctions for the acceptance of deposits were also introduced as a means to mop-up excess liquidity. Under the current monetary policy framework, the minimum reserve account is the only operational account banks need to maintain with the Central Bank and there are two standing facilities aimed at providing and absorbing overnight liquidity, respectively. Since the beginning of 1996 government paper has been issued by the auction technique, which allows the interest rate to reflect market conditions. Thus, the operational set-up of monetary policy is broadly in line with EU practices.
A landmark in the liberalisation process of the financial sector was the abolition of the statutory interest rate ceiling on 1 January 2001.
In the area of capital movement liberalisation, the Capital Movement Law was enacted in July 2003 and came into force on 1 May 2004, the date of Cyprus's accession to the EU. This law,inter alia, repealed the Exchange Control Law thus abolishing all remaining exchange control restrictions.
As regards banking supervision, the objective of the Central Bank is to ensure the stability of the banking system, the minimization of systemic risk and the protection of depositors. The rules, policies and practices of the Bank are in line with the EU directives and the recommendations of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The Banking Law 1997 as amended, which establishes the legal framework within which banking business can be pursued, reflects the principles and rules of the EU directives on credit institutions. Furthermore, in accordance with the Prevention and Suppression of Money Laundering Activities Laws 1996 - 2004, the Central Bank is the supervisory authority for banks in this respect. In this connection, the Central Bank has issued a series of directives to banks concerning strict customer identification procedures, record keeping, recognition and reporting of suspicious transactions, the appointment and duties of money laundering compliance officers, and education and training of bank employees in anti-money laundering matters and in combating the finance of terrorism.
On 2 May 2005 the Cyprus pound joined the Exchange Rate Mechanism II (ERM II) at the pre-existing central parity of €1=CY£0,585274, unchanged from the parity at which it had been unilaterally pegged to the euro since 1999. The standard fluctuation margins of + 15% were maintained, although in practice the pound fluctuated within the narrower range of + 2,25, both before and after ERM II entry.
On 1 January 2008 Cyprus joined the euro area thus bringing to fruition the island’s goal of becoming a fully integrated member of the EU. The conversion rate between the euro and the Cyprus pound was set at CY£0,585274 by the ECOFIN Council on 10 July 2007, in other words the same rate at which the Cyprus pound joined ERM II.
Financial Stability
The Bank's role
Safeguarding the stability of the financial system constitutes one of the main tasks of the Central Bank of Cyprus, which contributes towards achieving this objective, inter alia, through the conduct of micro-prudential supervision of banks, macro-prudential supervision, payment, clearing and settlement systems oversight and, in exceptional circumstances, by acting as lender of last resort or through the resolution of distressed banks.
Macro-prudential supervision focuses on the monitoring and assessment of the stability of the financial system as a whole as well as the implementation of macro-prudential policy tools with the broad objective to limit the build-up of systemic risk. It is complementary to the micro-prudential supervision of individual financial institutions performed by the Central Bank of Cyprus and the other competent financial supervisory authorities on the island.
Licensing & Supervision
Banks
Under the Central Bank of Cyprus Law, 2002 -2007, and the Banking Law, 1997- 2009, the Central Bank of Cyprus is the competent authority for the supervision and licensing of banks. In exercising its supervisory role, the CBC is guided by the recommendations of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, the guidelines issued by the European Banking Authority (EBA), and the rules of the EU which promote the adoption of best practices and standards. In this connection, various directives, circulars and guidelines regarding prudential supervision are issued by the CBC to all banks operating in Cyprus. The supervision of banks incorporated in Cyprus, including both their domestic and foreign subsidiaries and branches, is exercised by the CBC on a consolidated basis.
Ο Διοικητής
Αθανάσιος Ορφανίδης
Ακαδημαϊκή Εκπαίδευση
1979 |
Παγκύπριο Γυμνάσιο, Λευκωσία, Κύπρος
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 |
1985 |
Πτυχίο (S.B) στα Μαθηματικά, Τεχνολογικό Ινστιτούτο Μασαχουσέτης, Κέμπριτζ, Μασαχουσέτη, ΗΠΑ |
1985 |
Πτυχίο (S.B) στα Οικονομικά, Τεχνολογικό Ινστιτούτο Μασαχουσέτης, Κέμπριτζ, Μασαχουσέτη, ΗΠΑ |
1990 |
Διδακτορικό (Ph.D) στα Οικονομικά, Τεχνολογικό Ινστιτούτο Μασαχουσέτης, Κέμπριτζ, Μασαχουσέτη, ΗΠΑ |
Επαγγελματική Σταδιοδρομία
1990-1996 |
Οικονομολόγος, Ομοσπονδιακή Τράπεζα των
ΗΠΑ
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1996-2003 |
Ανώτερος Οικονομολόγος, Ομοσπονδιακή Τράπεζα των ΗΠΑ
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2003-2006 |
Σύμβουλος, Ομοσπονδιακή Τράπεζα των ΗΠΑ
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| 2006-2007 |
Ανώτερος Σύμβουλος, Ομοσπονδιακή Τράπεζα των ΗΠΑ
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2007- |
Διοικητής της Κεντρικής Τράπεζας της Κύπρου
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2008- |
Μέλος του Διοικητικού Συμβουλίου της Ευρωπαϊκής Κεντρικής Τράπεζας
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| 2010- |
Μέλος του Γενικού Συμβουλίου του Ευρωπαϊκού Συμβουλίου Συστημικού Κινδύνου
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2011- |
Μέλος της Διευθύνουσας Επιτροπής του Ευρωπαϊκού Συμβουλίου Συστημικού Κινδύνου |
Άλλες θέσεις
Επίκουρος Καθηγητής, Georgetown University (Άνοιξη 1992)
Επισκέπτης / Επίκουρος Καθηγητής, Johns Hopkins University (1995-2004)
Λέκτορας, Goethe University, Φρανκφούρτη (Αύγουστος 2002)
Λέκτορας, Ινστιτούτο Kiel για Διεθνή Οικονομικά (Νοέμβριος 2004)
Συνεργάτης Επιμελητής Έκδοσης, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control (2002-2007)
Ερευνητικός Συνεργάτης, Κέντρο Ερευνών Οικονομικής Πολιτικής, Λονδίνο
Συνεργάτης, Κέντρο Χρηματοοικονομικών Μελετών, Φρανκφούρτη
Διεθνής Ερευνητικός Συνεργάτης, Ινστιτούτο Kiel για Διεθνή Οικονομικά
Δημοσιεύσεις
The Great Inflation (with M.D. Bordo, eds), University of Chicago Press, forthcoming.
"Monetary policy lessons from the crisis" in The Great Financial Crisis: Lessons for Financial Stability and Monetary Policy, an ECB colloquium held in honour of Lucas Papademos, 20-21 May 2010, European Central Bank, forthcoming.
"Evolving macroeconomic perceptions and the term structure of interest rates" (with M. Wei), Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, forthcoming.
"Term structure estimation with survey data on interest-rate forecasts" (with D.H. Kim), Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, forthcoming.
"Imperfect central bank communication: information versus distraction" (with S. Dale and P. Osterholm), International Journal of Central Banking, 7(2), June 2011, pp. 3-39.
"Η σταθερότητα του χρηματοπιστωτικού τομέα: προβληματισμοί και συμπεράσματα από την κρίση για την Ευρώπη" in N.V. Karamouzis and G.A. Hardouvelis (eds) Από τη Διεθνή Κρίση στην Κρίση της Ευρωζώνης και της Ελλάδας: Τι μας Επιφυλάσσει το Μέλλον; Livanis Publishing Group, 2011.
"Dealing with crises in a globalized world: challenges and solutions" in A. Demirguc-Kunt, D.D. Evanoff and G.G. Kaufman (eds) The International Financial Crisis: Have the Rules of Finance Changed?, World Scientific Publishing Company, 2011.
"Introductory remarks on ‘The role of statistics in central bank communications’" in European Central Bank (ed) Central Bank Statistics: What did the Financial Crisis Change?, Proceedings of the Fifth ECB Conference on Statistics on 19 and 20 October 2010, Frankfurt: European Central Bank, 2011.
"Reflections on inflation targeting" in D. Cobham, O. Eitrheim, S. Gerlach and J.F. Qvigstad (eds) Twenty Years of Inflation Targeting: Lessons Learned and Future Prospects, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
"Recent policy challenges through the lens of economic forecasts", Cyprus Economic Policy Review, 3(2), December 2009, pp.73-79.
"Imperfect knowledge and the pitfalls of optimal control policy" (with J.C. Williams) in K. Schmidt-Hebbel and C.E. Walsh (eds) Monetary Policy Under Uncertainty and Learning, Santiago: Central Bank of Chile, 2009.
"Comment on ‘What have economists learned about monetary policy over the past 50 years?’ by Lars Svensson" in Deutsche Bundesbank (ed) Monetary Policy Over Fifty Years – Experiences and Lessons, Routledge, 2009.
"Comment on ‘Torn between new data needs and respondents’ fatigue - are efficiency gains the philosophers’ stone?’ by Klaus Liebscher and Aurel Schubert" in European Central Bank (ed) A Strategic Vision for Statistics: Challenges for the Next 10 years, Frankfurt: European Central Bank, 2008.
"Preparing for the euro - perspectives from the monetary policy strategy in Cyprus" in K. Liebscher, J. Christl, P. Mooslechner and D. Ritzberger-Grunwald (eds) Currency and Competitiveness in Europe, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2008.
"Learning, expectations formation, and the pitfalls of optimal control monetary policy" (with J.C. Williams), Journal of Monetary Economics, 55, Supplement 1, October 2008, pp. S80-S96.
"Taylor rules" in S.N. Durlauf and L. E. Blume (eds) The New Palgrave, Second Edition, New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2008.
"Robust monetary policy with imperfect knowledge" (with J.C. Williams), Journal of Monetary Economics, 54 (5), July 2007, pp. 1406-1435.
"The bond market term premium: what is it, and how can we measure it?" (with D.H. Kim), BIS Quarterly Review, June 2007, pp. 27-40.
"Inflation targeting under imperfect knowledge" (with J.C. Williams) in F. Mishkin and K. Schmidt-Hebbel (eds) Monetary Policy under Inflation Targeting, Santiago: Central Bank of Chile, 2007.
"A quantitative exploration of the opportunistic approach to disinflation" (with Y. Aksoy, D.H. Small, V. Wieland, and D.W. Wilcox), Journal of Monetary Economics, 53(8), November 2006, pp. 1877-1893.
"Monetary policy with imperfect knowledge" (with J.C. Williams), Journal of the European Economic Association, 4(2-3), 2006, pp. 366-375.
"The road to price stability" American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, May 2006, pp. 178-181.
"Real-time data and monetary policy" (with H. Herrmann and P.L. Siklos), North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 16(3), December 2005, pp. 271-276.
"The decline of activist stabilization policy: natural rate misperceptions, learning, and expectations" (with J.C. Williams), Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 29(11), November 2005, pp.1927-1950.
"Expectations, learning and monetary policy" (with J.C. Williams), Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 29(11), November 2005, pp. 1807-1808.
"Term structure estimation with survey data on interest rate forecasts" (with D.H. Kim), Federal Reserve Board, Finance and Economics Discussion Series, 2005-48, October.
"Comment on ‘The incredible Volcker disinflation’ by Marvin Goodfriend and Robert G. King", Journal of Monetary Economics, 52(5), July 2005, pp. 1017-1023.
"The reliability of inflation forecasts based on output gap estimates in real time" (with S. van Norden), Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 37(3), June 2005, pp. 583-601.
"Inflation scares and forecast-based monetary policy" (with J.C. Williams), Review of Economic Dynamics, 8(2), April 2005, pp. 498-527.
"The reform of October 1979: how it happened and why" (with D.E. Lindsey and R.H. Rasche), Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 87(2, Part 2), March/April 2005, pp.187-236.
"Reflections on monetary policy 25 years after October 1979: editors' introduction" (with D.L. Thornton), Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 87(2), Part 2), March/April 2005, pp. 139-144.
"Imperfect knowledge, inflation expectations, and monetary policy" (with J.C. Williams) in B. Bernanke and M. Woodford (eds) The Inflation-Targeting Debate, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
"The macroeconomic consequences of terrorism" (with S.B. Blomberg, and G.D. Hess), Journal of Monetary Economics, 51(5), July 2004, pp. 1007-1032.
"Monetary policy rules, macroeconomic stability, and inflation: a view from the trenches", Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 36(2), March 2004, pp.151-175.
"Monetary policy in deflation: the liquidity trap in history and practice", North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 15(1), March 2004, pp. 101-124.
"Price stability and monetary policy effectiveness when nominal interest rates are bounded at zero" (with G. Coenen and V. Wieland), Advances in Macroeconomics, 4(1), 2004, Article 1.
"Monetary policy when the nominal short-term interest rate is zero" (with J. Clouse, D. Henderson, D.H. Small, and P. A. Tinsley), Topics in Macroeconomics, 3(1), 2003, Article 12.
"Historical monetary policy analysis and the Taylor Rule", Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(5), July 2003, pp. 983-1022.
"The quest for prosperity without inflation", Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(3), April 2003, pp. 633-663.
"Monetary policy evaluation with noisy information", Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(3), April 2003, pp. 605-631.
"The unreliability of output gap estimates in real time" (with S. van Norden), Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(4), November 2002, pp. 569-583.
"Comment on ‘The conduct of monetary policy with a shrinking stock of government debt’ by Stacey L. Schreft, and Bruce D. Smith", Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 34(3, Part 2), August 2002, pp. 883-886.
"Optimal discretion" (with Y. Lengwiler), Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 104(2), June 2002, pp. 261-276.
"Monetary policy rules and the great inflation", American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 92(2), May 2002, pp. 115-120.
"The opportunistic approach to disinflation" (with D. Wilcox), International Finance, 5(1), Spring 2002, pp. 47-71.
"Robust monetary policy rules with unknown natural rates" (with J.C. Williams), Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, 2002, pp. 63-118.
"Monetary policy rules based on real-time data", American Economic Review, 91(4), September 2001, pp. 964-985.
"War and democracy" (with G.D. Hess), Journal of Political Economy, 109(4), August 2001, pp. 776-810.
"Commentary on ‘Expectations, open market operations, and changes in the Federal Funds Rate’", Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 83(4), July/August 2001, pp. 49-57.
"Economic conditions, elections, and the magnitude of foreign conflicts" (with G.D. Hess), Journal of Public Economics, 80(1), April 2001, pp.121-140.
"Money and inflation: the role of information regarding the determinants of M2 behavior" (with R.D. Porter) in H. J. Klockers and C. Willeke (eds) Monetary Analysis: Tools and Applications, Frankfurt: European Central Bank, 2001.
"Inflation zone targeting" (with V. Wieland), European Economic Review, 44(7), June 2000, pp. 1351-1387.
"Errors in the measurement of the output gap and the design of monetary policy" (with R.D. Porter, D. Reifschneider, R. Tetlow, and F. Finan), Journal of Economics and Business, 52(1-2), January/April 2000, pp. 117-141.
"P* revisited: money-based inflation forecasts with a changing equilibrium velocity" (with R.D. Porter), Journal of Economics and Business, 52(1-2), January/April 2000, pp. 87-100.
"Efficient monetary policy design near price stability" (with V. Wieland), Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 14, 2000, pp. 327-365.
"Inflation, volatility and growth" (with R. Judson), International Finance, 2(1), April 1999, pp. 117-138.
"Myopia and addictive behaviour" (with D. Zervos), Economic Journal, 108, January 1998, pp. 75-91.
"Leverage as a state variable for employment, inventory accumulation, and fixed investment" (with C. Calomiris and A.S. Sharpe) in F. Capie and G. Wood (eds) Asset Prices and the Real Economy, London: Macmillan 1997.
"Earnings, forecasts and the predictability of stock returns: evidence from trading the S&P" (with J. Lander and M. Douvogiannis), Journal of Portfolio Management, 23(4), Summer 1997, pp. 24-35.
"Optimal reform postponement", Economics Letters, 52, December 1996, pp. 299-307.
"Taxation and intergenerational transfers with family size heterogeneity: do parents with more children prefer higher taxes?'' (with G.D. Hess), Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 28(2), May 1996, pp. 162-177.
"The timing of stabilizations", Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 20(1), January 1996, pp. 257-279.
"Compensation incentives and risk taking behavior: evidence from mutual funds" in M. Loretan (ed) Risk Measurement and Systemic Risk, Washington D.C.: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1996.
"War politics: an economic, rational voter framework" (with G.D. Hess), American Economic Review, 85(4), September 1995, pp. 828-846.
"Rational addiction with learning and regret" (with D. Zervos), Journal of Political Economy, 103(4), August 1995, pp. 739-758.
"Estimating the interest rate risk of liquid retail deposit values" (with J. O’Brien and D. Small) in The Declining Role of Banking, The 30th Annual Conference on Bank Structure and Competition, Chicago: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 1994.
"The empirical properties of a monetary aggregate that adds bond and stock mutual funds to M2" (with B. Reid and D.H. Small), Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 76(6), November/December 1994, pp. 31-51.
"Optimal consumption dynamics with non-concave habit forming utility" (with D. Zervos), Economics Letters, 44, January 1994, pp. 67-72.
"Labor hoarding when unemployment is a worker discipline device", Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 95(1), March 1993, pp. 111-118.
"Money, inflation and growth" (with R.M. Solow) in B. Friedman and F.Hahn (eds) Handbook of Monetary Economics, Amsterdam: Elsevier North-Holland, 1990.
The Governor
Athanasios Orphanides
Education
1979 |
Pancyprian Gymnasium, Nicosia, Cyprus |
 |
1985 |
Bachelor of Science (S.B.) in Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA |
1985 |
Bachelor of Science (S.B.) in Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA |
1990 |
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA |
Professional career
1990-1996 |
Economist, Federal Reserve Board
|
1996-2003 |
Senior Economist, Federal Reserve Board
|
2003-2006 |
Adviser, Federal Reserve Board
|
2006-2007 |
Senior Adviser, Federal Reserve Board
|
2007- |
Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus
|
| 2008- |
Member of the Governing Council of the European Central Bank
|
2010- |
Member of the General Board of the European Systemic Risk Board
|
2011- |
Member of the Steering Committee of the European Systemic Risk Board
|
Other posts / affiliations
Adjunct Professor, Georgetown University (Spring 1992)
Visiting/Adjunct Professor, Johns Hopkins University (1995-2004)
Lecturer, Goethe University, Frankfurt (August 2002)
Lecturer, Kiel Institute for World Economics (November 2004)
Associate Editor, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control (2002-2007)
Research Fellow, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London
Fellow, Center for Financial Studies, Frankfurt
International Research Fellow, Kiel Institute for World Economics
Publications
The Great Inflation (with M.D. Bordo, eds), University of Chicago Press, forthcoming.
"Monetary policy lessons from the crisis" in The Great Financial Crisis: Lessons for Financial Stability and Monetary Policy, an ECB colloquium held in honour of Lucas Papademos, 20-21 May 2010, European Central Bank, forthcoming.
"Evolving macroeconomic perceptions and the term structure of interest rates" (with M. Wei), Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, forthcoming.
"Term structure estimation with survey data on interest-rate forecasts" (with D.H. Kim), Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, forthcoming.
"Imperfect central bank communication: information versus distraction" (with S. Dale and P. Osterholm), International Journal of Central Banking, 7(2), June 2011, pp. 3-39.
"Η σταθερότητα του χρηματοπιστωτικού τομέα: προβληματισμοί και συμπεράσματα από την κρίση για την Ευρώπη" in N.V. Karamouzis and G.A. Hardouvelis (eds) Από τη Διεθνή Κρίση στην Κρίση της Ευρωζώνης και της Ελλάδας: Τι μας Επιφυλάσσει το Μέλλον; Livanis Publishing Group, 2011.
"Dealing with crises in a globalized world: challenges and solutions" in A. Demirguc-Kunt, D.D. Evanoff and G.G. Kaufman (eds) The International Financial Crisis: Have the Rules of Finance Changed?, World Scientific Publishing Company, 2011.
"Introductory remarks on ‘The role of statistics in central bank communications’" in European Central Bank (ed) Central Bank Statistics: What did the Financial Crisis Change?, Proceedings of the Fifth ECB Conference on Statistics on 19 and 20 October 2010, Frankfurt: European Central Bank, 2011.
"Reflections on inflation targeting" in D. Cobham, O. Eitrheim, S. Gerlach and J.F. Qvigstad (eds) Twenty Years of Inflation Targeting: Lessons Learned and Future Prospects, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
"Recent policy challenges through the lens of economic forecasts", Cyprus Economic Policy Review, 3(2), December 2009, pp.73-79.
"Imperfect knowledge and the pitfalls of optimal control policy" (with J.C. Williams) in K. Schmidt-Hebbel and C.E. Walsh (eds) Monetary Policy Under Uncertainty and Learning, Santiago: Central Bank of Chile, 2009.
"Comment on ‘What have economists learned about monetary policy over the past 50 years?’ by Lars Svensson" in Deutsche Bundesbank (ed) Monetary Policy Over Fifty Years – Experiences and Lessons, Routledge, 2009.
"Comment on ‘Torn between new data needs and respondents’ fatigue - are efficiency gains the philosophers’ stone?’ by Klaus Liebscher and Aurel Schubert" in European Central Bank (ed) A Strategic Vision for Statistics: Challenges for the Next 10 years, Frankfurt: European Central Bank, 2008.
"Preparing for the euro - perspectives from the monetary policy strategy in Cyprus" in K. Liebscher, J. Christl, P. Mooslechner and D. Ritzberger-Grunwald (eds) Currency and Competitiveness in Europe, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2008.
"Learning, expectations formation, and the pitfalls of optimal control monetary policy" (with J.C. Williams), Journal of Monetary Economics, 55, Supplement 1, October 2008, pp. S80-S96.
"Taylor rules" in S.N. Durlauf and L. E. Blume (eds) The New Palgrave, Second Edition, New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2008.
"Robust monetary policy with imperfect knowledge" (with J.C. Williams), Journal of Monetary Economics, 54 (5), July 2007, pp. 1406-1435.
"The bond market term premium: what is it, and how can we measure it?" (with D.H. Kim), BIS Quarterly Review, June 2007, pp. 27-40.
"Inflation targeting under imperfect knowledge" (with J.C. Williams) in F. Mishkin and K. Schmidt-Hebbel (eds) Monetary Policy under Inflation Targeting, Santiago: Central Bank of Chile, 2007.
"A quantitative exploration of the opportunistic approach to disinflation" (with Y. Aksoy, D.H. Small, V. Wieland, and D.W. Wilcox), Journal of Monetary Economics, 53(8), November 2006, pp. 1877-1893.
"Monetary policy with imperfect knowledge" (with J.C. Williams), Journal of the European Economic Association, 4(2-3), 2006, pp. 366-375.
"The road to price stability" American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, May 2006, pp. 178-181.
"Real-time data and monetary policy" (with H. Herrmann and P.L. Siklos), North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 16(3), December 2005, pp. 271-276.
"The decline of activist stabilization policy: natural rate misperceptions, learning, and expectations" (with J.C. Williams), Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 29(11), November 2005, pp.1927-1950.
"Expectations, learning and monetary policy" (with J.C. Williams), Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 29(11), November 2005, pp. 1807-1808.
"Term structure estimation with survey data on interest rate forecasts" (with D.H. Kim), Federal Reserve Board, Finance and Economics Discussion Series, 2005-48, October.
"Comment on ‘The incredible Volcker disinflation’ by Marvin Goodfriend and Robert G. King", Journal of Monetary Economics, 52(5), July 2005, pp. 1017-1023.
"The reliability of inflation forecasts based on output gap estimates in real time" (with S. van Norden), Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 37(3), June 2005, pp. 583-601.
"Inflation scares and forecast-based monetary policy" (with J.C. Williams), Review of Economic Dynamics, 8(2), April 2005, pp. 498-527.
"The reform of October 1979: how it happened and why" (with D.E. Lindsey and R.H. Rasche), Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 87(2, Part 2), March/April 2005, pp.187-236.
"Reflections on monetary policy 25 years after October 1979: editors' introduction" (with D.L. Thornton), Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 87(2), Part 2), March/April 2005, pp. 139-144.
"Imperfect knowledge, inflation expectations, and monetary policy" (with J.C. Williams) in B. Bernanke and M. Woodford (eds) The Inflation-Targeting Debate, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
"The macroeconomic consequences of terrorism" (with S.B. Blomberg, and G.D. Hess), Journal of Monetary Economics, 51(5), July 2004, pp. 1007-1032.
"Monetary policy rules, macroeconomic stability, and inflation: a view from the trenches", Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 36(2), March 2004, pp.151-175.
"Monetary policy in deflation: the liquidity trap in history and practice", North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 15(1), March 2004, pp. 101-124.
"Price stability and monetary policy effectiveness when nominal interest rates are bounded at zero" (with G. Coenen and V. Wieland), Advances in Macroeconomics, 4(1), 2004, Article 1.
"Monetary policy when the nominal short-term interest rate is zero" (with J. Clouse, D. Henderson, D.H. Small, and P. A. Tinsley), Topics in Macroeconomics, 3(1), 2003, Article 12.
"Historical monetary policy analysis and the Taylor Rule", Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(5), July 2003, pp. 983-1022.
"The quest for prosperity without inflation", Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(3), April 2003, pp. 633-663.
"Monetary policy evaluation with noisy information", Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(3), April 2003, pp. 605-631.
"The unreliability of output gap estimates in real time" (with S. van Norden), Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(4), November 2002, pp. 569-583.
"Comment on ‘The conduct of monetary policy with a shrinking stock of government debt’ by Stacey L. Schreft, and Bruce D. Smith", Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 34(3, Part 2), August 2002, pp. 883-886.
"Optimal discretion" (with Y. Lengwiler), Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 104(2), June 2002, pp. 261-276.
"Monetary policy rules and the great inflation", American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 92(2), May 2002, pp. 115-120.
"The opportunistic approach to disinflation" (with D. Wilcox), International Finance, 5(1), Spring 2002, pp. 47-71.
"Robust monetary policy rules with unknown natural rates" (with J.C. Williams), Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, 2002, pp. 63-118.
"Monetary policy rules based on real-time data", American Economic Review, 91(4), September 2001, pp. 964-985.
"War and democracy" (with G.D. Hess), Journal of Political Economy, 109(4), August 2001, pp. 776-810.
"Commentary on ‘Expectations, open market operations, and changes in the Federal Funds Rate’", Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 83(4), July/August 2001, pp. 49-57.
"Economic conditions, elections, and the magnitude of foreign conflicts" (with G.D. Hess), Journal of Public Economics, 80(1), April 2001, pp.121-140.
"Money and inflation: the role of information regarding the determinants of M2 behavior" (with R.D. Porter) in H. J. Klockers and C. Willeke (eds) Monetary Analysis: Tools and Applications, Frankfurt: European Central Bank, 2001.
"Inflation zone targeting" (with V. Wieland), European Economic Review, 44(7), June 2000, pp. 1351-1387.
"Errors in the measurement of the output gap and the design of monetary policy" (with R.D. Porter, D. Reifschneider, R. Tetlow, and F. Finan), Journal of Economics and Business, 52(1-2), January/April 2000, pp. 117-141.
"P* revisited: money-based inflation forecasts with a changing equilibrium velocity" (with R.D. Porter), Journal of Economics and Business, 52(1-2), January/April 2000, pp. 87-100.
"Efficient monetary policy design near price stability" (with V. Wieland), Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 14, 2000, pp. 327-365.
"Inflation, volatility and growth" (with R. Judson), International Finance, 2(1), April 1999, pp. 117-138.
"Myopia and addictive behaviour" (with D. Zervos), Economic Journal, 108, January 1998, pp. 75-91.
"Leverage as a state variable for employment, inventory accumulation, and fixed investment" (with C. Calomiris and A.S. Sharpe) in F. Capie and G. Wood (eds) Asset Prices and the Real Economy, London: Macmillan 1997.
"Earnings, forecasts and the predictability of stock returns: evidence from trading the S&P" (with J. Lander and M. Douvogiannis), Journal of Portfolio Management, 23(4), Summer 1997, pp. 24-35.
"Optimal reform postponement", Economics Letters, 52, December 1996, pp. 299-307.
"Taxation and intergenerational transfers with family size heterogeneity: do parents with more children prefer higher taxes?'' (with G.D. Hess), Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 28(2), May 1996, pp. 162-177.
"The timing of stabilizations", Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 20(1), January 1996, pp. 257-279.
"Compensation incentives and risk taking behavior: evidence from mutual funds" in M. Loretan (ed) Risk Measurement and Systemic Risk, Washington D.C.: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1996.
"War politics: an economic, rational voter framework" (with G.D. Hess), American Economic Review, 85(4), September 1995, pp. 828-846.
"Rational addiction with learning and regret" (with D. Zervos), Journal of Political Economy, 103(4), August 1995, pp. 739-758.
"Estimating the interest rate risk of liquid retail deposit values" (with J. O’Brien and D. Small) in The Declining Role of Banking, The 30th Annual Conference on Bank Structure and Competition, Chicago: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 1994.
"The empirical properties of a monetary aggregate that adds bond and stock mutual funds to M2" (with B. Reid and D.H. Small), Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 76(6), November/December 1994, pp. 31-51.
"Optimal consumption dynamics with non-concave habit forming utility" (with D. Zervos), Economics Letters, 44, January 1994, pp. 67-72.
"Labor hoarding when unemployment is a worker discipline device", Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 95(1), March 1993, pp. 111-118.
"Money, inflation and growth" (with R.M. Solow) in B. Friedman and F.Hahn (eds) Handbook of Monetary Economics, Amsterdam: Elsevier North-Holland, 1990.
www.centralbank.gov.cy |